The Meaning of the ADHD Spectrum

The ADHD Spectrum consists of all possible (combinations of) symptoms and manifestations in a person with ADHD.

When people say that ADHD is a spectrum, they are referring to the varying severity and presentation of symptoms in individuals with ADHD. ADHD affects each child or adult differently, so understanding where someone falls on “the spectrum” is helpful in determining the best ways to support them. The image below illustrates the manifestations and symptoms commonly associated with ADHD.

Where Does the ADHD Spectrum Begin?

To understand the ADHD Spectrum, we first need to define ADHD itself. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting approximately 11% of children. It is characterized by developmentally inappropriate behaviors. Symptoms may include:

• Aggression
• Irritability
• Restlessness
• Anxiety
• Mood swings
• Hyperactivity
• Difficulty concentrating
• Learning disabilities
• Trouble paying attention
• Repetitive words or actions

Since some ADHD symptoms can resemble typical childhood behaviors, a professional diagnosis is essential before labeling a child. ADHD exists in three distinct types, each with a broad spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild to severe. These types are explained in detail below.

The Three Types of ADHD

If your child has ADHD, you may already know that it can present in different ways. Each type describes how ADHD symptoms uniquely manifest in a child’s daily behavior and experiences.

The three types of ADHD, each with their own characteristics, are:

• ADHD-I (Inattentive Type): Difficulty paying attention.
• ADHD-H (Hyperactive/Impulsive Type): Excessive activity, restlessness, and trouble sitting still.
• ADHD-C (Combined Type): A combination of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.

Below, we break down the specific symptoms associated with each type of ADHD.

ADHD-I (Inattentive Type)

• Frequently forgetful
• Appears not to listen
• Makes careless mistakes due to inattention
• Struggles to follow instructions
• Finds sustained mental effort difficult or frustrating
• Constantly loses things
• Struggles with organization
• Easily distracted

ADHD-H (Hyperactive/Impulsive Type)

• Talks excessively
• Blurts out answers before hearing the full question
• Interrupts others frequently
• Struggles to sit still
• Finds it difficult to engage in quiet activities
• Constantly moving (fidgeting, tapping, or restlessness)
• Engages in excessive running, climbing, or rough play
• Feels like they are "driven by a motor"
• Struggles with waiting their turn

ADHD-C (Combined Type)

Children with a combined presentation display symptoms of both ADHD-I and ADHD-H. It is important to note that ADHD symptoms can change over time. While many people continue to experience ADHD into adulthood, their symptoms may evolve, lessen, or manifest differently.

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